![]() The secondary structures of tRNAs were analyzed and visualized using forna. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) was analyzed using MEGA v11.0.13. The order and orientation of the genes were determined and drawn using the CGView Web server ( (accessed on 23 October 2022)). latefasciata as references, the start and stop codons of PCGs were manually corrected. orientalis mitogenome was initially annotated using GeSeq version 2.03 ( (accessed on 23 October 2022)), using the third-party software tRNAscan-SE v2.0.7, ARWEN v1.2.3, BLAT v36×7, with the mitogenome of Mastax latefasciata (ON674050.1) as a reference. The AT-skew and GC-skew of the sequence were estimated to investigate the nucleotide composition bias, using Perna and Kocher’s formula. DNA Data Cleaning and Mitogenome Assembly The successfully generated libraries were sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), and 150 bp paired-end reads with a 300 bp insert library were generated. The libraries were subjected to size-distribution analysis using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), followed by a real-time PCR quantitative test. Sequencing libraries for the quality-checked gDNA were generated using a TrueLib DNA Library Rapid Prep Kit for Illumina sequencing (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The purity and concentration of the obtained gDNA were tested using a NanoPhotometer ® spectrophotometer (Implen, Calabasas, CA, USA) and a Qubit ® 2.0 fluorometer (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), respectively. orientalis were collected from Jingziguan Town (E 111.026°, N 33.244°), Xichuan County, Nanyang City, Henan Province, China, on 9 June 2022, the genomic DNA (gDNA) of which was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Extraction kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA). Galerita is a sister group to ctenodactylines in the Zuphiitae clade, based on the 28S rDNA gene and wingless data. Based on the DNA-sequence datasets obtained from nuclear genes (the 28S rDNA and wingless nuclear protein-coding genes), higher-level phylogenetic relationships within Harpalinae are investigated, including the tribe Galeritini. The taxonomy of the tribe Galeritini has been developed based on adult and larvae features. ![]() The nominotypical subgenus of the pantropical genus Galerita Fabricius, 1801 is represented in all zoogeographic regions, except Australian, and includes more than 110 species, which belong to the tribe Galeritini of the subfamily Harpalinae. However, the boundaries of these character states do not exactly match Harpalinae. ![]() The monophyly of Harpalinae is based on morphological characteristics, chemical defensive secretions, chromosome number in males, and molecular sequence data obtained from the 18S rDNA gene. Therefore, the study of phylogeny is critical for understanding the evolution and diversity of tribes, genera, and species within the Harpalinae. These beetles live in diverse habitats, have diverse morphological forms, and exhibit a variety of unusual lifestyles. Harpalinae is the largest group of Carabidae and contains more than 19,000 species. orientalis will contribute to further studies on the molecular basis of the classification and phylogeny of Harpalinae, and even Carabidae.Ĭarabidae is the largest family in the order Coleoptera, comprising more than 32,000 species worldwide, and is known as carabid beetles or ground beetles. A conserved poly-T stretch (19 bp) and seven tandem repeats are observed in the control region, and a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the genus Galerita is an independent lineage. Twenty-two tRNAs could fold into a typical cloverleaf structure, including trnS1-GCU, which lacks the DHU stem observed in other mitogenomes of the subfamily Harpalinae. All 13 protein-coding genes are initiated using a typical ATN (Met) as the start codon, except for nad1, which has a TTG as the start codon, and are terminated using a typical TAN stop codon. Mitogenome is a circular DNA molecule of 16,137 bp with a 78.79% AT content. orientalis is newly sequenced, annotated, characterized, and composed of 37 typical genes, and one control region. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (GenBank: ON920164.1) of G. The genus Galerita Fabricius, 1801 belongs to the tribe Galeritini of the family Carabidae.
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